Cyrtanthus

Cyrtanthus Aiton

Publication : Hortus Kewensis 1: 414. 1789.

Type : C. angustifolius (L. f.) Aiton

Dérivation : Grec kurtos, courbe, et anthos.

Synonymes : Anoiganthus Baker 1878 - Cyphonema Herb. 1839* - Eusipho Salisb. 1866 - Gastronema Herb. 1821 - Monella Herb. 1821 - Timmia Gmelin J.F. 1791 - Vallota Salisb. ex Herb. 1821.

Espèces : .

C. angustifolius (L. f.) Ait.
C. attenuatus R.A. Dyer
C. aureolinus Snijman
C. bicolor R.A. Dyer = C. parviflorus Baker in part.
C. brachyscyphus Bak. = C. parviflorus Baker 1891 in part.
C. brachysiphon O.M. Hilliard & B.L. Burtt 1986
C. breviflorus Harv. 1859 = C. luteus Baker 1876
= Anoiganthus breviflorus
C. carneus Lindl.
C. clavatus (L'Herit.) R.A. Dyer
C. collinus Ker-Gawl.
C. contractus N.E. Br.
C. elatus (Jacq.) Traub 1969, Plant Life 25: 48. = Crinum speciosum L.f. 1781
= Amaryllis elata Jacq. 1797
= Amaryllis purpurea Ait.
= Vallota purpurea (Ait.) Herb. 1821
= Vallota speciosa (L.f.) Dur. & Schinz 1859
= C. purpureus (Ait.) Traub 1963
C. epiphyticus J.M Wood
C. erubescens Killick
C. eucallus R.A. Dyer
C. falcatus R.A. Dyer
C. fergusoniae L. Bol.
C. flammosus Snijman D.A. & E.J. Van Jaarsveld 1995
C. flanaganii Bak.
C. flavus Barnes
C. galpinii Bak. 1892 = C. balenii Phill. 1929
C. guthrieae L. Bol.
C. helictus Lehm.
C. herrei (Leighton) R.A. Dyer = Cryptostephanus herrei Leighton
C. huttonii Bak. 1888 = C. elliotii Bak. 1896
C. inaequalis O'Brien
C. junodii Beauv.
C. labiatus R.A. Dyer
C. leptosiphon Snijman 1999
C. leucanthus Schltr.
C. loddigesianus (Herb.) R.A. Dyer 1979 = Cyphonema loddigesianum Herb. 1839
= Cyrtanthus affinis R.A. Dyer 1942
C. mackenii Hook. f.
- ssp. mackenii
- ssp. cooperi (Bak.) Snijman
C. macmasteri Snijman 2003
C. macowanii Bak.
C. montanus R.A. Dyer
C. nutans R.A. Dyer
C. obliquus (L.f.) Ait.
C. obrienii Bak.
C. ochroleucus (Herb.) Burch. ex Steud. 1840 = C. lutescens Herb. 1837
C. odorus Ker-Gawl
C. pallidus Sims
C. rectiflorus Bak.
C. rhododactylis Stapf
C. rotundilobus N.E. Br.
C. sanguineus (Lindl.) Walp
- ssp. ballyi I. Nordal, 1979
- ssp. minor I. Nordal, 1979
- ssp. salmonoides (Bally & Carter) I. Nordal, 1979
- ssp. wakefieldii (Sealy) I. Nordal, 1979
C. smithiae Watt ex Harv.
C. speciosus R.A. Dyer 1942 = C. capensis Traub 1972
C. spiralis Burch. ex Ker-Gawl
C. staadensis Schonl.
C. stenanthus Bak.
- var. stenanthus
- var. major R.A. Dyer
C. striatus Herb. = C. angustifolius var striatus (Herb.) Baker
C. suaveolens Schonl. 1914 = C. stayneri L. Bolus 1925
C. thorncroftii C. H. Wr.
C. tuckii Bak.
- var. tuckii
- var. transvaalensis Verdoorn
- var. viridilobus Verdoorn
C. ventricosus (Jacq.) Willd. = C. angustifolius var ventricosus (Jacq.) Baker
C. wellandii Snijman D.A. 1999

Noms communs : C. elatus = Vallota, Amaryllis pourpre, St Louis (25 août : période de floraison en Europe), George lily (du nom de la localité d'Afrique du Sud) (NB : George sans S), St-Georges, Knysna lily.
C. mackenii = Ifafa Lily.
Fire Lily : certaines espèces fleurissant après les incendies dans le Fynbos.
Swaziland : Impimpiliza.

Origine

Principalement Afrique australe. Quelques espèces sont répandues jusqu'en Afrique de l'Est: C. sanguineus ssp ballyi et ssp salmonoides au Kenya (rares), ssp wakefieldii en Tanzanie.

Les différentes espèces de Cyrtanthus croissent dans des habitats variés. Certaines dans des milieux humides mais la plupart dans des sols très drainant, où les feux périodiques jouent parfois un rôle important. Certaines poussent à l'ombre en forêt voire sont épiphytes. Les différents régimes de pluies ont donné des espèces à croissance estivale, permanente ou parfois hivernale.

Espèces menacées

IUCN 1997 :
Vulnerable (V)
- C. brachysiphon Hilliard & B.L.Burtt (Natal)
- C. carneus Lindl. (CP: Cape Province)
- C. guthrieae L.Bolus (CP)
- C. odorus Ker Gawl. (CP)
- C. spiralis Burch. ex Ker Gawl. (CP)
- C. staadensis Schönland (CP)
Rare (R)
- C. clavatus (L'Hér.) R.A.Dyer (CP)
- C. erubescens Killick (Natal)
- C. eucallus R.A.Dyer (Transvaal)
- C. flammosus Snijman & Van Jaarsv. (CP)
- C. helictus Lehm. (CP)
- C. herrei (Leight.) R.A.Dyer (Namibia + CP)
- C. huttonii Baker (Transvaal + CP)
- C. leucanthus Schltr. (CP)
- C. sanguineus (Lindley) Walp. ssp. salmonoides (Bally & Carter) Nordal (Kenya)
- C. smithiae Watt ex Harv. (CP)
- C. thorncroftii C.H.Wright (Transvaal)
Indeterminate (I)
- C. sanguineus (Lindley) Walp. ssp. ballyi Nordal (Kenya)
- C. sanguineus (Lindley) Walp. ssp. minor Nordal (Kenya)
Swaziland : The Flora Protection Act, 2000 - "Endangered" : C. bicolor R. A. Dyer, C. breviflorus Harv., C. contractus N. E. Br., C. galpinii Bak., C. nutans R. A. Dyer, C. stenanthus Bak., C. tuckii Bak.

Sur le WEB

♥ www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/cyrtanthus.htm
♣ IBS Cyrtanthus
♣ www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Cyrtanthus : One, Two, Three, Four. (Photographs And Information)
♣ ABA, Cyrtanthus

angustifolius
attenuatus
bicolor
brachyscyphus
brachysiphon
breviflorus
carneus
clavatus
collinus
contractus
elatus

epiphyticus
erubescens
eucallus
falcatus
fergusoniae
flammosus
flanaganii
flavus
galpinii
guthrieae
helictus

herrei
huttonii
inaequalis
junodii
labiatus
leptosiphon
leucanthus
loddigesianus
mackenii
macmasteri
macowanii

montanus
nutans
obliquus
obrienii
ochroleucus
odorus
pallidus
rectiflorus
rhododactylis
rotundilobus
sanguineus

smithiae
speciosus
spiralis
staadensis
stenanthus
striatus
suaveolens
thorncroftii
tuckii
ventricosus
wellandii

Cyrtanthus à fleurs campanulées [ à fleurs tubulaires : grands / petits ]

Grands Cyrtanthus à fleurs tubulaires pendantes

C. carneus

♣ C. carneus IBS
♣ http://fernkloof.com/species2.mv?Cyrtanthus carneus *, Fernkloof Nature Reserve.
♣ Cyrtanthus carneus (pbs)

C. herrei

C. obliquus

♣ C. obliquus IBS
♣ www.plantzafrica.com/veldflora/1990/cyrtanthusb2.htm (166K)
♣ www.mainlyamaryllidsgarden.com/ah/cyrtanthus.htm (Dash's page)
♣ Cyrtanthus obliquus (pbs)
♣ Cyrtanthus obliquus (dorff's gallery)

C. falcatus

♣ Cyrtanthus falcatus en culture. Photos L. Viljoen. (194K)
♥ www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/cyrtanthfalcat.htm
♣ C. falcatus IBS
♣ [32K] (http://theafricangarden.netfirms.com/page8.html)
♣ NCCPG www.manntaylor.com/plantweek48.html
♣ www.ausbulbs.org/bulbgal/details.php?image_id=105 (ABA)
♣ Cyrtanthus falcatus (pbs)

Petits Cyrtanthus à fleurs tubulaires

C. mackenii

♥ www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/cyrtanthmack.htm
♣ C. mackenii, var. cooperi, var. cooperi 2, C. mackenii orange, Capsules IBS
♣ University of Basel
♣ Cyrtanthus mackenii (pbs)
♣ Cyrtanthus mackenni var cooperi (Stutterheim) (dorff's gallery)

C. leucanthus

♣ http://fernkloof.com/species2.mv?Cyrtanthus leucanthus, Fernkloof Nature Reserve.
♣ C. leucanthus IBS

C. flanaganii

♣ Margaret Stones : www.classicnatureprints.com/pr.Stones Flowers/stones.cyrtanthus.html

C. stenanthus

♣ Cyrtanthus stenanthus (pbs)

C. contractus

♣ Cyrtanthus contractus (pbs)
♣ www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=115090

C. ventricosus

♣ Fire Lily http://fernkloof.com/species2.mv?Cyrtanthus ventricosus *, Fernkloof Nature Reserve.
♣ "Fire Lily" fleurissant 2 semaines après un incendie (Silvermine Nature Reserve). www.capetownskies.com/5971/16_fire_lilyc.jpg (page) Photo Gordon Richardson
♣ Cyrtanthus ventricosus (dorff's gallery)
♣ Cyrtanthus ventricosus (pbs)
♣ C. ventricosus IBS

C. staadensis

♣ C. staadensis IBS
♣ Cyrtanthus staadensis (pbs)
♣ Cyrtanthus staadensis, 50511446 (dorff's gallery)

C. spiralis

♣ www.viridis.net/plants/cyrtanthus.html
♣ C. spiralis IBS
♣ Page de Peter Knippels www.bloembol.info/cyrtanth_e.html
♣ Cyrtanthus spiralis (pbs)
♣ Ellaphie Ward Hilhorst : www.plantzafrica.com/veldflora/1990/cyrtanthusa4.htm (92K)

C. tuckii

♣ C. tuckii var viridilobus IBS
♣ Cyrtanthus tuckii var viridilobus (pbs)
♣ Cyrtanthus tuckii var viridilobus, 51391220 (dorff's gallery)

C. bicolor

♣ C. bicolor IBS

C. brachyscyphus

C. suaveolens

♣ C. suaveolens IBS
♣ Cyrtanthus suaveolens (pbs)

C. epiphyticus

♣ Cyrtanthus epiphyticus (pbs)

C. obrienii

♣ www.capeseedandbulb.com/cobrienii.jpg (page)
♣ C. obrienii IBS
♣ Cyrtanthus obrienii (pbs)

C. macowanii

♣ www.ausbulbs.org/bulbgal/details.php?image_id=250 (ABA)
♣ Cyrtanthus macowani, 50511435 (dorff's gallery)
♣ Cyrtanthus macowanii (pbs)

C. huttonii

♣ C. huttoniae (habitat) IBS
♣ Cyrtanthus huttonii (pbs)

C. angustifolius

♣ C. angustifolius (habitat) IBS
♣ [62K] www.silverhillseeds.co.za/Photo.asp
♣ [263K] Edwards S. 1794. The Botanical Magazine (Curtis) vol.8. pl.271. (réduction)
♣ Cyrtanthus angustifolius (pbs)

C. labiatus

♣ C. labiatus IBS

C. fergusoniae

♣ Cyrtanthus fergusoniae (dorff's gallery)
♣ Cyrtanthus fergusoniae (pbs)

C. flavus

♣ Cyrtanthus flavus, 51391224, 51391223 (dorff's gallery)
♣ Cyrtanthus flavus (pbs)

C. macmasteri

♥ www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/cyrtanthmacmast.htm
♦ A New species of Cyrtanthus from the Eastern Cape, Cyrtanthus macmasteri, by Cameron McMaster. Part 2.
♣ Cyrtanthus macmasteri (pbs)

Cyrtanthus species

♣ www.vdvossen.nl/consument/english/cyrtanthus/cyrts1.htm, cyrts2.htm

Cyrtanthus hybrides

Culture

Note : Les Cyrtanthus sont parmi les Amaryllidaceae les plus difficiles à cultiver, de mauvaises conditions de culture conduisant à la pourriture du bulbe...

ZR = peut être 7 pour C. ochroleucus, sinon à partir de 8 ou 9 selon les espèces. 10 pour C. elatus.

Evergreen : brachysciphus, elatus, epiphyticus, herrei, montanus, obliquus, obrienii, ochroleucus, staadensis.

Evergeen ou summer grower : eucallus, mackenii, sanguineus.

Summer Grower : breviflorus, clavatus, contractus, falcatus, galpinii, guthrieae, huttonii, loddigesianus, smithiae, speciosus, spiralis, suaveolens, tuckii.

Winter grower : C. fergusoniae, C. guthrieae.

www.mainlyamaryllidsgarden.com/ah/cyrtanthus.htm (Dash's page)
www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/bulbs-summer/cyrtanthus.html
C. breviflorus : http://gardenbed.com/c/5804.cfm
C. breviflorus : www.patioplant.nl/products/fr/fr_cyr_gee.html (Fr) (En) (De) (Nl)
Inflorescence initiation and development in Cyrtanthus elatus. M.M. Slabbert. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 430 [abstract : www.actahort.org/books/430/430_17.htm]

Semis

Cyrtanthus and Hippeastrum; Flotation & growing on. Bill Richardson = IBS.

Fournisseurs (+)

(FR) Bulb'Argence : C. elatus, C. falcatus, C. mackenii, C. sanguineus.
(FR) Pépinière Issa : C. brachyscyphus, C. elatus 'Rosea', C. labiatus, C. obliquus, C. obrienii, C. sanguineus... 9 espèces.
(FR, la Réunion) La Compagnie des Plantes Australes - (21 espèces + cv)
(FR) www.pepiniere-ellebore.fr : C. brachyschyphus, "Vallota speciosa"
(FR) Santonine
(FR) Ets Horticole Daubas, 418 Av du Bérange, 34160 St-Drézéry. (www.daubas.fr.st)
(UK) Paul Christian Rare Plants www.rareplants.co.uk/prodtype.asp?CAT_ID=209
(UK) Cotswold Garden Flowers, C. sanguineus, 8 sp + CV
(UK) Xerophytes & Geophytes, brachyscyphus, obrienii, sanguineus, smithiae)
(UK) Whitestone www.cactus-mall.com/whitestone/bulbs.html : contractus, smithii, spiralis, tuckii
(USA) Telos Rare Bulbs : www.telosrarebulbs.com/BoophaneFerraria.html, C. brachyscyphus, elatus x montanus
(USA) www.bulbmeister.com
(USA) BulbMania : www.bulbmania.com/amary00.html (10 esp.)
(USA) Odyssey Bulbs, (www.odysseybulbs.com/crocosmiatoeucomis.html C. falcatus, loddigesianus, mackenii var. cooperi , montanus)
(USA CA) Exotic-Plant.com
(USA) www.floralarchitecture.com
(USA CA) San Growers www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=492 C. brachyscyphus
(Japon) www.komoriya.co.jp/list/cyrtanthus.html

South hemisphere: inverted seasons.

(RSA) African Bulbs www.africanbulbs.co.za/CYRTANTHUS.asp : 6 espèces
(RSA) Cape Flora http://users.iafrica.com/c/ca/capeflor/ C. speciosus, C. obliquus, C. clavatus +CV
(RSA) Cape Seed and Bulb : www.capeseedandbulb.com/flowerlist.html, C. elatus, C. mackenii, C. obrienii
(RSA) http://bulbsresearch.8m.com/ (Wholesale and Retail)
(Au) Mainly Amaryllids Garden

Graines / Seed

(F) www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com, Amaryllidaceae
(RSA) Silverhill Seeds www.silverhillseeds.co.za
(RSA) The Croft Wild Bulb Nursery

Bibliographie* (+ sur les alcaloïdes)

Stiffler, E. G. 1925. Development of embryo sac in Gasteria, Cyrtanthus, and Velthemia. Botanical Gazette 79: 208-216.
Dyer, R.A. 1939. A review of the genus Cyrtanthus. Herbertia. (6), 65-103.
Henry, Mary G. 1943. Cyrtanthus in the little greenhouse. Herbertia 9(1942): 136-140.
McNeil G. 1962. Hybridizing Cyrtanthus. Plant Life 18:85-87.
Ising, G. 1962. Chromosome balance in Cyrtanthus. Plant Life 18:95-128.
Ising, G. 1970. Evolution of karyotypes in Cyrtanthus. Hereditas 65: 1-28.
Dyer, R.A. 1972. Cyrtanthus huttonii. In: L.E. Codd, Flow. P1. Afr. 42: t. 1660. Government Printer, Pretoria.
Nordal I. 1979. Revision of the genus Cyrtanthus in East Africa. Norw. J. Bot. 26:183-192.
Reid, C., and R. A. Dyer. 1984. A review of the Southern African species of Cyrtanthus. American Plant Life Society, La Jolla, California. 68p. (Availlable : IBS)
Koopowitz Harold 1986. Horticultural Potential of Cyrtanthus (Amaryllidaceae). Herbertia 42:75-81.
Drysdale William T.1986. Vallota speciosa. Herbertia 42:82-83.
Lovett J.C. 1989. The flowering of Cyrtanthus breviflorus after a fire in Mufindi, Tanzania. Kew Mag. 6(1):38-39.
Duncan, G.D. 1990. Cyrtanthus - its horticultural potential, Part 1. Veld & Flora (Kirstenbosch) 76(1): 18-21. - Part 2. Veld & Flora 76(2): 54-56. - Part 3. Veld & Flora 76: 72-73.
[Disponible en ligne, numérisé en format jpeg (total = 1,5 Mo) : p 18, 19, 20, 21 // 54, 55, 56 // 72, 73 - Archives]
Brown, Pat & Dave Le Maitre. 1990. Fire-lilies, the firebirds of the Fynbos. Veld & Flora 76(1): 22. (C. ventricosus)
O'Neill C. 1991. The genus Cyrtanthus. Herbertia 46(1990):37.
Keeley J.E. l993. Smoke-induced flowering in the fire-lily Cyrtanthus ventricosus. South African Journal of Botany 59:638.
Snijman D.A. 1994. Two rare Cape Amaryllidaceae species. Veld & Flora 80(4): 117. (C. leucanthus)
Koopowitz, H. 1994. Cyrtanthus multiplication and breeding at UCI. In: Innovations in landscape pest management. Univ. Calif., Div. Agr. & Nat. Resources. pp 68-71.
Snijman D.A., Van Jaarsveld E.J. 1995. Cyrtanthus flammosus. Flow. Pl. Afr. 54:100-103. Pl. 2120.
International union for the protection of new varieties of plants. 1996. Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability. Fire Lily, Cyrtanthus Ait. UPOV. Genève.
Holford F.A. and G. Ising 1997. Artificial Allotetraploids in Cyrtanthus. Herbertia. 52:31-34.
Ising G. 1997. Hybridization in Cyrtanthus. Herbertia. 52:153-166.
Slabbert M. M. 1997. Inflorescence initiation and development in Cyrtanthus elatus (Jacq.) Traub. Scientia horticulturae, 69(1-2): 61-71.
Holford F. 1998. Breeding Cyrtanthus for cut flowers. Herbertia. 53:179-185.
Pettit Gregg. 1998. Growing African bulbs. Herbertia. 53:108-115.
Mcalister B. G., Strydom A., Van Staden J. 1998. In vitro propagation of some cyrtanthus species. South African journal of botany, 64(3): 228-231.
Snijman D.A. 1999. Amaryllidaceae: Cyrtantheae: new species and notes on Cyrtanthus in the Southern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 29(2): 258-263.
Cowley W. 2000. The discovery of Cyrtanthus wellandii. Veld & Flora. 86(4):174-175
Snijman D.A. 2001. A new species of Cyrtanthus (Cyrtantheae) from the Southern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 31(1): 31-34.
Rourke, J.P. 2002. Amaryllidaceae. The typification of Cyrtanthus smithiae Watt ex Harv. Bothalia 32(2): 197-199.
Cowley, W. 2002. Cyrtanthus wellandii, a morning's hike leads to an exciting new Cyrtanthus find. Bulbs 3("2001")(2-4): 28-29.
Eason, J.R.; E.G. Clark, A.C. Mullan, E.R. Morgan. 2002. Cyrtanthus: an evaluation of cut flower performance and of treatments to maximise vase life. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 30: 281-289. [Abstract > .PDF]
Duncan G. 2003. Plant portraits: 474. Cyrtanthus Guthrieae (Amaryllidaceae). Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 20(4): 190-195.
Snijman, D.A. 2003. A new Cyrtanthus species (Amaryllidaceae : Cyrtantheae) endemic to the Albany Centre, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 33(2): 145-147. {C. macmasteri}
McMaster, C. 2004. Cyrtanthus macmasteri. The story of the discovery of yet another species of Cyrtanthus in the Eastern Cape. Veld & Flora 90(1): 20-23.
2004. Cyrtanthus galpinii. A dainty fire lily from the grasslands of Mpumalanga. Veld & Flora 90(1): 24-25.
Clark G. E., Burge G. K., Triggs C. M. 2005. Effects of bulb storage, leaf and root pruning, on flower production in Cyrtanthus elatus. New Zealand journal of crop and horticultural science, 33(2): 169-175.
Duncan, Graham. 2007. T.599, Cyrtanthus staadensis: Amaryllidaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 24(4): 223-229.

Cyrtanthus

Cyrtanthus Aiton

Origine

Espèces menacées

Sur le WEB

Cyrtanthus à fleurs campanulées [ à fleurs tubulaires : grands / petits ]

C. guthrieae

C. flammosus

C. elatus

C. montanus

C. thorncroftii

C. sanguineus

C. sanguineus glaucophyllus

C. eucallus

C. galpinii

C. clavatus

C. loddigesianus

C. speciosus

C. helictus

C. smithiae

C. breviflorus

C. leptosiphon

C. wellandii